Eureka.. one problem solved!

Teaching students to solve equations with the balancing method can be difficult as many different skills are required. Collecting like terms, fractions, multiplying pronumerals, dealing with coefficients and the like. When adding all the complexities together students can really struggle.

Surfing around yesterday I found the following link using a classpad calculator to assist students check their understanding of how to use the balancing method. It has worked fabulously well and yr10 students that typically hate algebra (and maths) are all smiles...

Here's the sequence of lessons up to this point (first week of term one)..

1. review of algebraic terminology
2. review of collecting like terms
3. review of multiplying algebraic terms
4. solving simple equations

Students were shown x + 5 =7 and asked what was a possible value for x. They responded 2 and we discussed how the observation method is often a good method for solving equations. We discussed how this was good for simple cases but with more complicated examples it became too difficult.

I then introduced the balancing method saying we could get to the same result by making x the subject of the equation by examining the LHS and thinking what operation could we do to isolate the x value.

A student suggested that we subtract 5 and I said great.

Then I said to students that the crux of the balancing method was that anything we did on the LHS of the equation has to be done to the RHS. I wrote on the board

x + 5 = 7
x + 5 -5 = 7 - 5
x = 2

and asked how did that compare with our original answer. We then did the following example:

5x + 5 = 20

A student offered the following step:
5x + 5 - 5 = 20 -5
5x = 15

Typically students get stuck at this stage as 5÷5 =1 is not an intuitive step. For once I told them that I would divide by five and showed them how it works.

5x ÷ 5 = 15 ÷ 5 (please excuse the division symbol, I actually used fractions but it is too hard in html)

x = 3

And here's the real magic.. I then took out CAS calculators borrowed from the senior school and they did a number of examples with them. For the following example:

2x - 2 = 15

Their brains started making connections and they actually were using the calculators to check that their logic was correct rather than to give them just answers.

You can see from the example that each step in the calculator mimics the steps to answer the problem on paper. It is easy to see how after each operation (+2, ÷2) x becomes the subject of the equation and ultimately becomes solved with x=8.5









Common errors become obvious earlier. Students decide what operation needs to be done and see what that operation would do. Take this common case:

The student has multiplied by 2 before they have subtracted. They can instantly see their mistake (the LHS of the equation looks more complex rather than simpler so the student starts again. The second attempt subtracting 5 gets them closer to making x the subject of the equation.

For many of us, this is how we learnt to transpose equations - a little trial and error. Lots of practice. Lots of heartache. Lots of looking at the back of the book.






The students found using the calculator fun... and the calculator only gave them guidance - not just solving the answer. It was a mix between the old inverse operations method (change the sign/change the sign that causes all sorts of difficulties when fractional terms/multiple terms are introduced) and the balancing method. To be honest, I've never found the 'scales' explanation that typically accompanies the balancing method useful - but the CAS introduction way I think may have real promise.

The other great thing is that they were recording their answers really well on paper.

For the above example I would see (with equals signs aligned):

2x-2=15
2x-2+2=15+2
2x=17
2x÷2=17÷2
x=8.5

To see mid tier students lay out work like this rather than
1) 8.5
was fantastic.

Here is a link to other CAS calculator posts.

Talented students and self confidence

If a talented student at the start of year 11 wants to leave your class what do you do?

It's a question I don't know the answer to and is a difficult one.

Paths I've taken in the past have included:
a) Discuss their choices and investigate their motivation for leaving
b) Direct them to school counsellors
c) Do nothing

Invariably before now I have been sucked into option a). This last time I've decided to do c). Whether it is peer pressure, lack of support from parents, lack of confidence in your abilities, interference from other learning areas to bolster numbers, laziness or poor work ethic; students feel compelled to make changes at the start of year 11. It will be interesting to see what they will do. I know though that I can't in all honesty tell them that they will pass if they think the grass is greener elsewhere. I'd much rather have those students that are enjoying themselves in the new courses.

The pall cast by students wishing to leave really dampens my enjoyment of classes as I was really looking forward to working positively with them. I suppose it's just the ups and downs of working with adolescents.

The main course affected seems to be the year 11 3ab MAS course. The introduction of new content seems to have spooked a few students. I am concerned that the MAT only students this year will struggle in 3C MAT next year without the additional practice provided by 3AB MAS. It is only guesswork at this stage.

Maths backgrounds for worksheets and Powerpoint

As an upper school teacher, we sometimes ignore the requirements of appearance of our materials and focus on presenting quality content. This is evident in the material available on the web.

When I get a moment I like to (in the words of my wife) make things pretty and spend the time to ensure there is a background on worksheets, a powerpoint slide with a coloured background and the like.

One site I like to use is http://www.brainybetty.com/. There are some great free backgrounds there for Powerpoint. I really like the orange one and have used it a lot.

Here is a background I made for a recent certificate for the summer school using the MSWord 2003 equation editor.

Have no fear the image is bigger. Just click on it, right click the image and save it. Here's a simple way to make it a watermark in Word 2003.

1. Open up a Word document.
2. Go Format->Background->Printed Watermark
3. Select the Picture Watermark option
4. Click Select Picture
5. Find where the background is saved and select it
6. Change the scale to 200% (or to whatever works for your image unless you want a tiled image)
7. Ensure the washout checkbox is selected
8. Click apply

Voila. A professional background for your MSWord 2003 document.

Sometimes you will find the washout selection too light for your printer. In that case you need to insert the picture, send it to behind the text and increase the brightness of the picture to a printable level that doesn't interfere with the readability of the text. This is the way I usually do it as my printer is temperamental but it makes it a bit of a cow to work with the page.

Here's how it turned out.

Getting fired up about the start of term.

Yes, another PD session today . The time left for planning was great and I am feeling ready to start the new term. The work done at the end of last term has made this easier than expected thus far. Our TIC provided input on the course and directed worthwhile changes. Programmes and daily plans are written for the three year 10 streams my yr 11 1B/C classes, 3A/B MAT, 3A/B MAS and yr 12 Modelling with Mathematics. Yay!

We're all pretty keen to get started and even the most cynical of us are looking forward to what the year can bring without last year's threats of industrial action. Let's get on with the job of teaching.

The PD material was of dubious standard with a part time presenter condensing a week long course into 1.5 hrs to a group of 60 teachers from different learning areas. The topic of course was literacy, which meant another rehash of primary strategies, collaborative learning and.. you guessed it.. graphical organisers.

We were asked 'how we knew that students were engaged?' with a range of answers from 'if a student is looking at you (culturally inappropriate in many cases)' to 'actively answering questions (disposition/culturally inappropriate)'. No answer was given by the presenter (I think her answer was discredited before she had a chance to supply it). Doodling notes on the page was deemed a valid method of note taking. We again were informed that the 2 squillion genre's were a necessary part of learning and teaching.. a focus on breadth of learning over depth again. The change in emphasis from version 1 to version 2 of First Steps is a shame as the original First steps had focus and is still a valuable teaching tool as it gave students a foundation to learn other genres. Despite being a Maths teacher I own copies of both the first and second editions of First Steps.

The presenter put us in a lineup and instructed us to stand from engaged to not engaged. She then asked us 'Did we feel engaged by PD opportunities? and to position ourselves accordingly in the lineup. I stayed where I was which was on the disengaged side. As I had been critical of earlier answers (and was sitting under the presenters nose) she asked me why I felt disengaged from PD sessions. I said that I rarely encountered worthwhile PD (to which I embarassingly received a clap from staff). Yep.. that's me.. survival skills of a bunny on a freeway.

More seriously I would add to that PD's are rarely well prepared as they inadequately take into account prior learning (no more bloody graphical organisers!), show little awareness of the requirements of staff (we had staff from every learning area), have no follow up or action points (this may be more of a management issue), take too long to tell too little and generally are just not good value for money. She rightly guessed I was a maths teacher as I was critically evaluating the value of PD sessions.

On just the value for money point.. 1.5hrs x 60 people at an average of $70,000 per year conservatively cost the school $3,000 in lost wages. That's a projector installed for each of the teachers in Maths which would benefit 150 students every year or a new set of text books for a classroom. It has an opportunity cost of our students having a more cohesive programme that could have been developed. I would be interested to know how many graphic organisers are actually used in classes or how many teachers use the text supplied.

I don't accept that we should be grateful for any PD given and accept mediocre presentations. If we waste 90 man hours of training time, it is a criminal waste. We cannot stay professionals and not continue to learn our craft. Without good PD opportunities we cannot grow at our optimum rate.

I took away one point from the PD, an interesting example on the use of questions to promote discussion on a subject. It was ok but explicit teaching would have imparted the same knowledge (drink water if in the desert) in 1 minute rather than through a round of discussion. I can see how it could be useful and is another tool to use in the kit bag. It also explains why a number of my alternate lessons work..

The materials presented by the principal were great in that they allowed teachers a chance to vent concerns in a healthy environment. In another session it was interesting to hear that 360° reviews were contemplated and rejected (where teachers review performance of management and vice-versa). It's difficult to see the benefit of inexperienced management staff reviewing inexperienced staff. It's all a bit silly really when experienced staff exist to perform the teaching review within the school.

It was raised that we needed to communicate better with like schools and embrace some of their successful strategies. This is a great idea - unfortunately one rarely possible. It would be good to see long term strategies that lead to teachers on loan to adjacent schools for terms, semesters or for the year, further developing our abilities and bringing back learning to our schools.

It was nice to hear that many teachers thought our mathematics summer school was a worthwhile first attempt. It will be interesting to hear the anonymized results when they are handed to admin by students on the first day back. These trailblazing year 11 3A MAS and MAT students are the bleeding edge of our new maths students and for them to succeed would be great for them and the school.

Only time will tell.